英文版 A Fighters Guide to foam 消防员泡沫灭火指南.pdf

A Firefighter's Guide to Foam R NATIONALFOAM .Kidde-Fire. KiddeFireFighting
Today's firefighter is faced with an increasing number of flammable liquid and hazardous vapor risks. Traffic accidentsrail disastersin a flammable liquid or hazardous vapor incident. Until recentlymost of the training available to firefighters has focused on large volume industrial hazards. While these incidents are spectacular and devas- tatingtheir frequency is less mon than the smaller incidents handled every dayby local municipal fire departments. This guide outlines the basic characteristics and types of foam as well as application hardware and proper application techniques. Utilizing this handy referenceyou will begin to recognize the advan- make informed choices when responding to a particular situation. National Foam has been on the cutting edge of the firefighting and fire protection industry develop- ing innovative solutions to challenging problems for over 170 years. National Foam manufactures the most plete line of environmentally responsible foam concentratesengineered foam sys- tems and foam apparatus. Our Feecon division with over 30 years of experience has been the predominant leader in the development and manufacture of specialized airport foam firefighting equipment. Feecon products include turretsnozzlesfoam proportioning equipment and related accessories. ComprehensiveTrainingProgramAvailable The only *TURNKEY" flammable liquids training program on the market. Why develop your own program when the experts have done it for you? Use it as a canned program or dovetailit with your existing program. For availability and pricingcontact your local National Foam distributor or call 610-363-1400. 24HOURREDALERTSERVICE NATIONAL FOAM INC. P.O. Box 695150 Gordon Drive ExtonPA 19341-0695 Ph.: 610.363.1400 Fax: 610.524.9073
INDEX SUMMARY 2 INDEX FOAM CONCENTRATESAND HOW THEY WORK 4 FOAM TYPES 5 FOAM CHARACTERISTICS 7 FOAM PROPERTIES AND COMPARISONS 7 FOAM PERCENTAGES PAIL LABELING 7 BASIC GUIDELINES FOR FOAM 8 HOW FOAM IS MADE 8 PROPORTIONERSEDUCTORS 6 AROUND THE PUMP SYSTEMS 9 BALANCED PRESSURE PROPORTIONING 10 FOAM NOZZLES 10 APPLICATION RATES 11 POST FIRE SECURITY 12 APPLICATION TECHNIQUES 13 CLASS A FOAMS 14 CLASS A FOAM ADVANTAGES 14 WETTING AGENTS 15 HIGH EXPANSION FOAMS 15 FOAM FIRE PROTECTION FOR OXYGENATED AND GASOLINE BLENDED FUELS 16 FOAM CONCENTRATE COMPARISON CHART 19 FOAM GLOSSARY 20
FOAM CONCENTRATES Fire-fighting foam is a stable mass of small bubbles of lower density than most flammable liquids and water. Foam is a blanketing and cooling agent that is produced by mixing air into a foam solution that contains water and foam concentrate. FIREFIGHTING FOAMSHOW THEY WORK FOAM FOAM EXTINGUISHES FLAMMABLE OR COMBUS- TETRAHEDRON TIBLE LIQUID FIRES IN FOUR WAYS: 1. Excludes air from the flammable vapors. 2. Eliminates vapor release from fuel surface. 3. Separates the flames from the fuel surface. Concentrate Foam Mechanical 4. Cools the fuel surface and surrounding metal Agitation surfaces. Water Excludes Oxygen Air Suppresses Vapor VAPORS Cools FUEL EXPANSION RATES Expansion rate is the ratio of finished foam produced 2.MID-EXPANSION Expansion ratio from 20:1 to from a volume of foam solution after being expanded 200:1. Medium expansion foams may be used to from a foam making device. suppressthe vaporization of hazardous chemicals. NFPA categorizes foam concentrates into three expan- Foams with expansions between 30:1 and 55:1 sion rangesas follows: have been found to produce the optimal foam blan- ket for vapor mitigation of highly water reactive chemicals and low boiling organics. 1.LOW EXPANSION - Expansion ratio up to 20:1. Foams designed for flammable liquids. Low ex- HIGH EXPANSION Expansion ratio above 200:1. pansion foam has proven to be an effective means High Expansion foams are designed for confined of controllingextinguishingand securing most flammable liquid (Class B) fires. Foam has also space firefighting. High expansion foam concen- trate is a syntheticdetergent-type foaming agent been used successfully on Class A fires where the used in confined spaces such as basementscooling and penetrating effect of the foam solution is important. mines and ship board when used in bination with a High Expansion Foam Generator.
FOAM TYPES The following foam concentrates are the most monly used today by firefighters. Protein Foam Concentrates Fluoroprotein Foam Concentrates Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam Concentrates Aqueous Film Forming Foam Concentrates Alcohol-Resistant Foam Concentrates (AR-AFFF and AR-FFFP) Synthetic Detergent Foam (Mid and High Expansion) PROTEIN FOAM tanceburnbackand post fire security. Fluoroprotein Regular Protein foams (RP) are intended for use on foams may be used with fresh or sea water. They hydrocarbon fuels only. They produce a homoge- MUST be properly aspirated and should not be used neousstable foam blanket that has excellent heat re- with non-aspirating structural fog nozzles. sistanceburnbackand drainage characteristics. Regular Protein foams have slow knockdown charac- Fluoroprotein Foams are made by the addition of spe- teristics; howeverthey provide superior post fire se- cial fluorochemical surfactants to protein foam. This curity at very economical cost. Regular protein foams enhances the properties of protein foam by increasing may be used with fresh or sea water. They MUST be foam fluidity and improves the properties of regular properly aspirated and should not be used with non- protein foam by providing faster knockdown and ex- aspirating structural fog nozzles. cellent fuel tolerance. Protein foams were the first types of mechanical foam FILM FORMING FLUOROPROTEIN FOAM (FFFP) to be marketed extensively and have been used since FFFP's are a bination of fluorochemical surfactants World War ll. These foams are produced by the hy- with protein foam. They are designed to bine the drolysis of granulized keratin protein (protein hydroly- fuel tolerance and burnback resistance of a sate) such as hoof and horn mealchicken feathersfluoroprotein foam with an increased knockdown power. etc. In additionstabilizing additives and inhibitors are FFFP foams release an aqueous film on the surface included to prevent corrosionresist bacterial de- of the hydrocarbon fuel. position and to control viscosity. AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM (AFFF) FLUOROPROTEIN FOAM (FP) The National Foam AFFF family of foams are designed Fluoroprotein foams have fluorochemical surfactants to provide the fastest possible knockdown on hydro- which greatly enhance performance with fast knock- carbon fuels. Their fluidity allows them to quickly flow downimproved resistance to fuel pick-upand dry around obstacleswreckage and debris. Different per- chemical patibility. They are intended for use on centages may be selected depending on the users pro- Hydrocarbon fuels and select oxygenated fuel addi- portioning hardware. Standard AFFFs are premixabletives. As with Proteinthey have excellent heat resis- dry powder patibleand can be used with either fresh or sea water. AFFFs may be used through non- Polymeric Membrane aspirating deviceshoweverFormation for optimum performance aspirating nozzles should be Finishedand 6EM conform to the fire used.Aer-O-Watera 3EM Foam performance and chemical formulation as defined by MILSPECMIL-F-24385-F. Fuel Aer-O-Lite* cold foams have for use in cold temperature been specifically formulated environments. They have the same properties as regular AFFFs but have much lower usable temperatures as seen below in the stor- age and handling guide. 5